Reply: Hookah, opium, and tobacco smoking in relation to ESCC
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Tobacco Smoking Pattern: Cigarette vs. Hookah
Background: Smoking causes 5.2 million deaths annually in the world of which 70% occur in developing countries. Hookah smoking is increasing around the world especially in the Eastern Mediterranean Region including Iran. This study was carried out to evaluate the pattern of tobacco smoking in both forms of cigarette and hookah smoking. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted...
متن کاملAssociations between hookah tobacco smoking knowledge and hookah smoking behavior among US college students.
Hookah tobacco smoking is increasing among US college students, including those who would not otherwise use tobacco. Part of hookah's appeal is attributed to the perception that hookah is less harmful than cigarettes. The aims of this study were to assess knowledge of harmful exposures associated with hookah smoking relative to cigarette smoking and to determine associations between this knowle...
متن کاملUS health policy related to hookah tobacco smoking.
OBJECTIVES Although US cigarette smoking is decreasing, hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) is an emerging trend associated with substantial toxicant exposure. We assessed how a representative sample of US tobacco control policies may apply to HTS. METHODS We examined municipal, county, and state legal texts applying to the 100 largest US cities. We developed a summary policy variable that distingui...
متن کاملU.S. hookah tobacco smoking establishments advertised on the internet.
BACKGROUND Establishments dedicated to hookah tobacco smoking recently have proliferated and helped introduce hookah use to U.S. communities. PURPOSE To conduct a comprehensive, qualitative assessment of websites promoting these establishments. METHODS In June 2009, a systematic search process was initiated to access the universe of websites representing major hookah tobacco smoking establi...
متن کاملHeavy Metal Content in Cigarette and Hookah Tobacco in Iran
Background and purpose: Excessive intake of heavy metals has adverse health effects and smoking is one of the sources of these elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of 11 heavy metals in tobacco of different widely-consumed brands of cigarettes and hookahs in Iran. Materials and methods: Concentrations of nine types of cigarettes and four types of hookah tobacc...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: British Journal of Cancer
سال: 2009
ISSN: 0007-0920,1532-1827
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604959